如何划分音节

“音节划分”是拼读规则中的一个至关重要的内容，掌握它有利于拼读技能的落实。本贴将用较长的篇幅讨论。

双音节单词的音节划分方法可归纳为“两分手。一归前或一归后”。这是在1991年，我从杭州的长征中学年轻的英语教师 Ms.郑洁那里听到的一句“民谚”。

1.“两分手”是指：当两个元音之间有两个辅音字母时，将两个辅音字母划分在前后两个音节里。具体细节以及读音特点，分别介绍如下：

1a. 当两个辅音字母相同（包括字母 r），且重读音节在第一个音节：
better 划分成 bet ter carry 划分成 car ry
yellow 划分成 yel low borrow 划分成 bor row
millet小米 划分成 mil let little 划分成 lit tle
第一个音节的元音按照“短元音”读，但是相邻的那一个辅音字母没有读音。注意：字
母 l, r在非重读音节中，有时起元音的作用。譬如在单词 little, acre英亩 中。

1b. 带前缀的单词，有时也有两个相同的辅音字母（包括字母 r），如：
attack划分成at tack arrive划分成 ar rive
attend 划分成 at tend correct划分成 cor rect
effect划分成 ef fect support划分成 sup port
这样的单词，第一个音节是“非重读音节”，元音一般读“含糊元音”。
Note:“含糊元音”= slurred vowel, 即 IPA 中的“反e” 。

1c. 当两个辅音字母不同（不包括字母 r）时：
sister 划分成 sis ter window 划分成 win dow
system 划分成 sys tem publish 划分成 pub lish
milky 划分成 mil ky silver 划分成 sil ver
第一个音节的元音按照“短元音”读，相邻的辅音字母有读音。
建议读者将 milky 的读音与 "millet小米" 的读音相比较；
将 silver 的读音与 "silly愚蠢的" 的读音相比较。

1d. 当两个辅音字母不同，并且第一个辅音字母为 r 时：
market 划分成 mar ket dirty 划分成 dir ty
certain 划分成 cer tain forty 划分成 for ty
surface 划分成 sur face purple 划分成 pur ple
第一个音节的元音按照“-r 音节”的读音读。

注意：一些不允许“两分手”的情况，有：
a. 辅音字符 th, sh, ch, ck, tch 等，是不允许分割的。如：
fa ther oth er cash ier ma chine pock et
meth od moth er fash ion re charge butch er

b. 各种辅音连缀，如 cr, pr, bl, fl, 等，也是不允许分割的。这样的单词有：
April 只能划分成 A pril secret 只能划分成 se cret
apron只能划分成 a pron sacred 只能划分成 sa cred
包括带前缀的一些单词，如 degree, across, agree, afraid 等。

2.“一归前或一归后”是指：当两个元音之间只有一个辅音字母时，有时将这个辅音字母划分在前面的音节里，有时划分在后面的音节里。

2a. 先说“一归后”的情况。在有些单词中是对的。如：
open 划分成 o pen able 划分成 a ble
even 划分成 e ven nation 划分成 na tion
fever 划分成 fe ver unit 划分成 u nit
tiny 划分成 ti ny student 划分成 stu dent
显然，第一个音节的元音按照“开音节”读。

2b. 带有以元音结尾的前缀的单词，自然是属于“一归后”的。如：
begin 划分成 be gin repeat 划分成 re peat
decide 划分成 de cide return 划分成 re turn
prepare 划分成pre pare repair 划分成 re pair
重读音节在第二个音节，其元音按照第二章中的诸多规则读音。

2c. 再看“一归前”的情况。在有些单词中也是对的。如：
city 划分成 cit y minute 划分成 min ute
study 划分成 stud y second 划分成 sec ond
travel 划分成 trav el never 划分成 nev er
显然，第一个音节的元音按照“短元音”读。

另外请注意，字母 x 永远是划归第一个音节的。并且第一个音节读“短元音”。如：
taxi划分成 tax i exit 划分成 ex it

鉴于“一归后”、“一归前”两种情况都存在，所以需要细致地对待这个“民谚”。

The above text was drafted by me about ten weeks ago. It's a
part of my 毕业论文。 Because someone has posted a poster
entitled 《如何划分音节 Scholar's copy》in this Bar, so I
decided to post this 《如何划分音节 Student's copy》and share

常见的英语同义词50组

学习英语词汇中，有时同义词的辨析是很不容易的，我们一般从三方面进行区分，即：语法、语义和文体。语法主要是词性、搭配、句式等的区分；语义主要是词义的本义、引申义、比喻义和内涵和外延等的区分；文体主要是正式和非正式、褒义和贬义等的区分。下面是笔者整理的50组同义词。
1. 路 2. 时代 3. 战斗 4. 牧师 5. 服装 6. 哭 7. 美丽,漂亮 8. 拉,拖 9. 旋转 10. 生气,气愤 11. 错误 12. 图画 13. 特别的 14. 取消,消灭 15.破碎 16. 环境,形势 17. 著名的 18. 强盗 19. 摇动,颤动 20. 说话,谈话 21. 事情,事件 22. 承认 23. 走路 24. 跳 25. 特点,特征

1.路
way: Wherever there is room for an object to proceed, there is a way.
road: A road is a prepared way for traveling with horses or vehicles.
path: A way suitable to be traveled only by foot passengers or by animals.
route: A route is a line of travel, and may be over many roads.
street: A street is in some centre of habitation, as a city town or village, when it passes between houses of dwellings.
avenue: A avenue is a long, broad and imposing( 壮严) or principal street.
2.时代(期) (时期)
period: It indicates any passage of time, great or small. /an extent of time of any length.
(时代)
time(s): It refers to a period in history. in ancient times/ in Victoria time (新时代)
epoch: It indicates a long period of time marked by events or development of a particular kind.
The first flight into space marked a new epoch in the history of mankind.
(纪元)
era: It refers to a very long period of time marked by a particular feature in a great new era of world revolution
(时期)
age: It shows a particular /a fairly definite period in history. the Bronze Age, Iron Age
3.战斗 (打仗)
fight: It is a bodily struggle (奋斗 斗争)
struggle: An effort of any kind to overcome difficulty.
(战斗) battle: A fight between armed forces.
(战役) campaign: A series of related military operations in a war.
(战争) war: A period of fight between countries or states when
weapons are used and many people are killed.
(对抗) combat: A fight, conflict, controversy.
4.牧师 (教士 牧师)
priest: A person, esp. a man specially trained for various religious duties and ceremonies, in the Christian church, esp. in the Roman Catholic church
(牧师) minister: A member of clergy, esp. Protestant churches.
(牧师) clergy(pl): The officially appointed leader of the religious activities of a particular church or temple.
clergyman: clergymen(pl) a member of clergy.
(牧师) pastor: A Christian religious leader in charge of a church and its members, esp. in a Protestant church.
(教区牧师) vicar: A priest in charge of an area(parish) in the church of England.
father: A little of respect for a priest, esp. in the Roman Catholic.
5.服装
clothing(collect): (fml) General term of clothes.
clothes(no single): Coverings of the body such as coats,
dresses, suits, shoes, hats.
garment(fl): A suit of clothes used by actors./a single article of clothing.
costume: 1) The fashion of dress peculiar to a people, nation, class, period, etc.
2) A dress worn by actors in a play. uniform: worn by all members of the community.
dress: 1) A kind of outer garment worn by women (连衣裙).
2) worn on special occasions (礼服) evening dress/ morning dress
suit: A set of outer clothes to be worn together. evening suit/swimming suit
coat: A garment with sleeves worn on top of other clothes from rain, heat, etc.
overcoat: A warn coat worn in the street.
6.哭
cry: The most general one.
(哭泣) weep: To let flow tears.
(抽泣 抽嗒) sob: To weep or sigh with short quick breaths.
(哭天抹泪 涕泪交流) snivel: To sniffle and cry in a irritating manner.
(哭嚎 又哭又闹) blubber: To cry loudly noisily.
(发出低声报怨声) whine: To make a low complaining cry.
(嚎哭) bawl: To utter loud cries (always in bad sense).
(痛哭) wail: To cry aloud from pain or sorrow.
(呻吟) moan: To make a low, miserable sound in pain or sorrow.
(呻吟) grown: To make a low sound of pain, unhappiness or disapproval
(哀悼) mourn: To feel or show sadness or sorrow for someone who has died.
(哀悼) lament: To express great sorrow or regret.
7.美丽 漂亮
good-looking: Having an attractive appearance in a strong, healthy way used for men and women not things.
beautiful: ( a woman or a thing) Suggesting symmetry of features or perfection of proportion, elegance and mobility. beautiful flowers, a beautiful girl/voice/city/face beautiful weather.
handsome: Of attractive appearance applies to men. a handsome fellow/actor/horse/buildings/young man.
pretty: (a girl, or a small thing) Suggesting liveliness and sweetness, pleasing or nice to look at. a pretty little woman/garden, a pretty girl/ picture/piece of music,
lovely: (something) So beautiful that it makes you feel good to look at it or even to think about it. The garden looks lovely.
fair: Beautiful( of woman in poet) light in color esp., skin hair.
gorgeous: (persons or things) (inf) Extremely beautiful or handsome.
8.拉 拖
pull: The most general one.
draw: It implies a smoother, steadier motion and generally a lighter force than pull.
drag: It usually refers to horizontal motion or motion up an incline (slope) and it suggests laborious efforts over rough ground or against friction, resistance or gravity.
The escaped prisoner was dragged out of his hiding place.
haul: It implies continuous pulling or dragging of heavy or bulky objects.
The fisherman is hauling a net.
tug: It applies to hard often sudden violent effort to pull.
He tugged at my sleeve to ask directions.
jerk: To pull suddenly.
He jerked out the knife that was stuck in the wound.
tow: To pull by a rope or chain. We towed the car to the nearest garage.
wrench: To pull hard with a twisting or turning movement.
9.旋转 turn: The most general one.
(自转) spin: To turn quickly around a central point.
It emphasizes the continuity of the action, and usually the narrow extent of the circular motion.
The wheel is spinning on its axis.
(急转) whirl: To round very fast.
It implies the lock of conscious control.
The leaves whirl in the wind in the yard.
(转动) rotate: To turn round a fixed point with a circular movement.
The earth rotates once every 24 hours.
(绕转) revolve: To turn or move in a circle around a central point.
It indicates circular or elliptical (椭圆) movement.
The planets revolve around the sun.
10.生气 气愤
anger: The most general one.
(易怒) be cross: Feeling easy to get angry.
(愤慨) indignation: (fml) Anger.
It stresses righteous anger at what one considers unfair, mean or shameful.
We expressed our indignation at the ruthless exploitation.
(愤怒) wrath: Very treat anger. (literary)
It suggests a desire on intent to revenge or punish.
(狂怒) rage: Wild, violent anger.
It suggests loss of self- control from violence of emotion. in a rage /to fall into a rage.
(暴怒) fury: Violent, extreme and destructive anger.
She flew into a fury.
11.错误
(误会) mistake: A wrong thought, act. It implies carelessness Anyone can make a mistake.
(过错 弱点) fault: A bad point, but not of a serious moral kind. It refers to behavior and character. His only fault is that he lacks ambition.
find fault with sb / at fault shortcoming: Weakness, failing
It refers to failures or deficiencies in things as well as people.
In spite of all her shortcomings I still think she's one of the best teachers in the school.
(疏忽) error: A mistake (formal sometimes literary)
It implies deviation from a standard or model
The accident was caused by human error.
(缺点 毛病) defect: sth lacking or imperfect.
It refers to quality.
The radio was returned because of a defect.
(失误 过失) blunder: A very stupid or unnecessary mistake.
It implies ignorance.
This is the fatal blunder of his life.
12.图画
picture: The most general one.
(彩图) painting: pictures with color.
(绘画 图画) drawing: A picture made with a pen, pencil and crayon. Sketch, diagrams and graphs are all drawings.
(草图) sketch: A rough not detailed drawing.
(图解 图表) diagram: A drawing, figure that shows the arrangement of something.
(曲线图) graph: A diagram in which a straight line, curved, or zigzag line shows how two sets of numbers or measurements are related.
(插图) illustration: A picture to go with words of a book.
(图样 草图) draft: The first rough written form of anything.
(平面图) plan: A line drawing of a building as it might been seen from above.
(主视图) elevation: A flat upright side of a building.
(海图) chart: A map esp. a detailed map of a sea area.
13.特别
(专门的,与众不同的) special: Different in some way from what is common, ordinary, or usual.
It stresses having a quality, character, identity, or use of its own.
The tube contains special gases.
(特别的) especial: (fml) To an usually great degree, exceptional
It emphasizes the importance of the things or the persons mentioned
This is a matter of especial importance.
(各别的) particular: Relating or belonging to only one thing or person.
It stresses the distinctness of something as an individual which is worth notice. In that particular case, the rule doesn't hold.(适用)
(特种的) specific: Detailed and exact, clear in meaning and explanation, fixed, determined.(used in scientific articles)
It implies a quality or character distinguishing a kind or a species.
He gave me a very specific instruction. There is a specific tool for each job.
(独特的) peculiar: Strange or perhaps unpleasant.
It implies strangeness. He has a peculiar way of speaking.
14.取消 消灭
(取消 解除) cancel: To give up, to declare something is to be effective.
He has cancelled his leave of absence.(消假)
(废除 废止) abolish: To do away with. It refers to practices, social institutions. Bad customs should be abolished.
(消灭 排除) eliminate: To get rid of.
We should eliminate the false and retain the true.
(撤消 废除) repeal: To bring to an end of the effect of a law or an order. Some laws should be repealed.
(根除 消灭) exterminate: To destroy completely and wholly.
Colonialism must be exterminated.
15.破碎
break: The most general one.
(压碎 压破) crush: To press together violently as to break, to destroy its shape by squeezing it. It suggests the effect of great external pressure.
The tree fell on top of the car and crushed it.
(打碎) smash: To break thoroughly to pieces with a crushing sound.
She dropped the plate and smashed it.
(打裂) crack: To break without separation of parts.

音节

1．音节 以元音为主体构成的发音单位，一般说来元音发音响亮，可以构成音节，辅音发音不响亮，不能单独构成音节（[m] [n] [] [l]例外）。从单词拼写形式上看，有几个元字组就有几个音节。
2．音节的划分 ①在重读音节和非重读音节的相邻处有两个辅字组时，一个辅字组属于前面的音节，一个属于后面的音节。
例如：let-ter mem-ber chil-dren daugh-ter
②在重读和非重读音节的相邻处只有一个辅字组时，如果前面重读音节里的元音是长音则辅字组属于后面一个音节，如果重读音节里的元音是短音，则辅字组属于重读音节。
例如：长音 pa-per stu-dent fa-ther ze-ro mo-tor far-ther
　　　短音 sev-en stud-y moth-er ver-y mod-le weath-er
3．重读音节 单词中读音特别响亮的音节。用音标标记双音节、多音节词的读音时，应使用重读符号。单音节词多数是重读音节，标记读音时不需要使用重读符号。
4．开音节 ①绝对开音节：单个元音字母后面没有辅字组的重读音节。例如：no blue ba-by stu-dent se-cret
②相对开音节：单个元音字母后面加单个辅音字母，再加一个不发音字母e构成的重读音节。例如：name these bike home excuse
五个元音字母在开音节中发长音 [e] [i:] [a] [u] [ju:]
5．闭音节 单个元音字母后面有辅字组（r w y 除外）且以辅字组结尾的重读音节。例如：bag egg fish not cup 五个元音字母在闭音节中发短音 [] [e] [] [] []
6．双音节词重读规则 双音节词的第一个音节通常是重读音节。
例如：stu-dent Chi-na sec-ond au-tumn
含有a- be- de- re- in- ex- 等前缀的双音节词往往是在第二个音节上重读。双音节词的重读位置不会因增加前缀或后缀而发生改变。例如：
about before excuse repair forget-ful inven-tor 7．多音节词重读规则 多音节词通常在倒数第三个音节重读。
例如：el-e-phant con-grat-ula-tion
词尾有-ic 或-tion,-sion 的词，在-ic或-sion,-tion前的一个音节上重读。例如：scientific impression nation

什么是助动词

1）协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词（Auxiliary Verb）。被协助的动词称作主要动词（Main Verb）。
助动词自身没有词义，不可单独使用，例如：
　　 He doesn't like English.　他不喜欢英语。
（doesn't是助动词，无词义；like是主要动词，有词义)

2） 助动词协助主要动词完成以下功用，可以用来：
　 a. 表示时态，例如：
　　　He is singing.　他在唱歌。
　　　He has got married.　他已结婚。
　 b. 表示语态，例如：
　　　He was sent to England.　他被派往英国。
　 c. 构成疑问句，例如：
　　　Do you like college life?　你喜欢大学生活吗？
　　　Did you study English before you came here?　 你来这儿之前学过英语吗？
　 d. 与否定副词not合用，构成否定句，例如：
　　　I don't like him.　 我不喜欢他。
　 e. 加强语气，例如：
　　　Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定来参加晚会。
　　　He did know that.　 他的确知道那件事。
3） 最常用的助动词有：be, have, do, shall, will, should, would


助动词have的用法

1）have +过去分词，构成完成时态，例如：
　　He has left for London.　他已去了伦敦。
　　By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.　
　　上月未为止，他们已经完成工作的一半。

2）have + been +现在分词，构成完成进行时，例如：
　 I have been studying English for ten years.
　 我一直在学英语，已达十年之久。

3）have+been +过去分词，构成完成式被动语态，例如：
　 English has been taught in China for many years.
　 中国教英语已经多年。


动词be的用法

1) be +现在分词，构成进行时态，例如：
They are having a meeting.　他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。

2)　be + 过去分词，构成被动语态，例如：
The window was broken by Tom..　窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world.　世界各地都教英语。

3） be + 动词不定式，可表示下列内容：
　a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排，例如：
　　 He is to go to New York next week..　他下周要去纽约。
　　 We are to teach the freshpersons.　我们要教新生。
　　说明： 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
　b. 表示命令，例如：
　　You are to explain this.　对此你要做出解释。
　　He is to come to the office this afternoon.　要他今天下午来办公室。
　c.　征求意见，例如：
　　How am I to answer him?　我该怎样答复他？
　　Who is to go there?　谁该去那儿呢？
　d. 表示相约、商定，例如：
　　We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.　我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。


动词do 的用法

1) 构成一般疑问句，例如：
　 Do you want to pass the CET?　你想通过大学英语测试吗？
　 Did you study German?　你们学过德语吗？
2) do + not 构成否定句，例如：
　 I do not want to be criticized.　 我不想挨批评。
　 He doesn't like to study.　 他不想学习。
　 In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.　过去，好多学生不知道英语的重要性。

3)　构成否定祈使句，例如：
　Don't go there.　不要去那里。
　Don't be so absent-minded.　不要这么心不在焉。
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do，不用did和does。

4) 放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，例如：
　Do come to my birthday party.　一定来参加我的生日宴会。
　I did go there.　我确实去那儿了。
　I do miss you.　我确实想你。

5) 用于倒装句，例如：
　Never did I hear of such a thing.　 我从未听说过这样的事情。
　Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明： 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。

6) 用作代动词，例如：
　---- Do you like Beijing?　--你喜欢北京吗？
　---- Yes, I do.　--是的，喜欢。（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
　He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
　他知道如何开车，对吧？

Month

公历一年有12个月，但不少人并不知道12 个月的英语名称的来历。公历起源于古罗马历法。罗马的英语原来只有10 个月，古罗马皇帝决定增加两个月放在年尾，后来朱里斯*凯撒大帝把这两个月移到年初，成为1月.2月，原来的1月.2月便成了3月.4月，依次类推。这就是今天世界沿用的公历。

　　January——1月

　　在罗马传说中，有一位名叫雅努斯的守护神，生有先后两副脸，一副回顾过去，一副要眺望未来。人们认为选择他的名字作为除旧迎新的第一个月月名，很有意义。英语

　　January，便是由这位守护神的拉丁文名字January演变而来的。

　　February——2月

　　每年2 月初，罗马人民都要杀牲饮酒，欢庆菲勃卢姆节。这一天，人们常用一种牛、草制成的名叫Februa的鞭子，抽打不育的妇女，以求怀孕生子。这一天，人们还要忏悔自己过去一年的罪过，洗刷自己的灵魂，求得神明的饶恕，使自己成为一个贞洁的人。英语2月February，便是由拉丁文Februar-ius（即菲勃卢姆节）演变而来。

　　March-----3月

　　3月，原是罗马旧历法的1 月，新年的开始。凯撒大帝改革历法后，原来的1月变成3月，但罗马人仍然把3 月看做是一年的开始。另外，按照传统习惯，3月是每年出征远战的季节。为了纪念战神玛尔斯，人们便把这位战神的拉丁名字作为3月的月名。英语3月March，便是由这位战神的名字演变而来的。

　　April——4月

　　罗马的4月，正是大地回春.鲜花初绽的美好季节。英文4月April便由拉丁文April（即开花的日子）演变而来。

　　May——5月

　　罗马神话中的女神玛雅，专门司管春天和生命。为了纪念这位女神，罗马人便用她的名字——拉丁文Maius命名5月，英文5月May便由这位女神的名字演变而来。

　　June——6月

　　罗马神话中的裘诺，是众神之王，又是司管生育和保护妇女的神。古罗马对她十分崇敬，便把6月奉献给她，以她的名字——拉丁文Junius来命名6 月。英语6月June便由这位女神的名字演变而来。也有学者认为，Junius可能是个代拉丁家族中一个显赫贵族的姓氏。

　　July——7月

　　罗马统治者朱里斯*凯撒大帝被刺死后，著名的罗马将军马克*按东尼建议将凯撒大帝诞生的7月，用凯撒的名字——拉丁文Julius（即朱里斯）命名之。这一建议得到了元老院的通过。英语7月July由此演变而来。

　　August——8月

　　朱里斯*凯撒死后，由他的甥孙屋大维续任罗马皇帝。为了和凯撒齐名，他也想用自己的名字来命名一个月份。他的生日在9月，但他选定8月。因为他登基后，罗马元老院在8 月授予他Augustus（奥古斯都）的尊号。于是，他决定用这个尊号来命名8月。原来8月比7月少一天，为了和凯撒平起平坐，他又决定从2月中抽出一天加在8月上。从此，2月便少了一天。英语8月August便由这位皇帝的拉丁语尊号演变而来。

　　September——9月

　　老历法的7月，正是凯撒大帝改革历法后的9月，拉丁文Septem是“7”月的意思。虽然历法改革了，但人们仍袭用旧名称来称呼9月。英语9月September，便由此演变而来。

　　October——10月

　　英语10月，来自拉丁文Octo，即“8”的意思。它和上面讲的9月一样，历法改了，称呼仍然沿用未变。

　　November——11月

　　罗马皇帝奥古斯都和凯撒都有了自己名字命名的月份，罗马市民和元老院要求当时的罗马皇帝梯比里乌斯用其名命名11月。但梯比里乌斯没有同意，他明智地对大家说，如果罗马每个皇帝都用自己的名字来命名月份，那么出现了第13个皇帝怎么办？于是，11月仍然保留着旧称Novem，即拉丁文“9”的意思。英语11月November便由此演变而来。

　　December——12月

罗马皇帝琉西乌斯要把一年中最后一个月用他情妇的Amagonius的名字来命名，但遭但元老院的反对。于是，12月仍然沿用旧名Decem，即拉丁文“10”的意思。英语12月December，便由此演变而来

Month

公历一年有12个月，但不少人并不知道12 个月的英语名称的来历。公历起源于古罗马历法。罗马的英语原来只有10 个月，古罗马皇帝决定增加两个月放在年尾，后来朱里斯*凯撒大帝把这两个月移到年初，成为1月.2月，原来的1月.2月便成了3月.4月，依次类推。这就是今天世界沿用的公历。

　　January——1月

　　在罗马传说中，有一位名叫雅努斯的守护神，生有先后两副脸，一副回顾过去，一副要眺望未来。人们认为选择他的名字作为除旧迎新的第一个月月名，很有意义。英语

　　January，便是由这位守护神的拉丁文名字January演变而来的。

　　February——2月

　　每年2 月初，罗马人民都要杀牲饮酒，欢庆菲勃卢姆节。这一天，人们常用一种牛、草制成的名叫Februa的鞭子，抽打不育的妇女，以求怀孕生子。这一天，人们还要忏悔自己过去一年的罪过，洗刷自己的灵魂，求得神明的饶恕，使自己成为一个贞洁的人。英语2月February，便是由拉丁文Februar-ius（即菲勃卢姆节）演变而来。

　　March-----3月

　　3月，原是罗马旧历法的1 月，新年的开始。凯撒大帝改革历法后，原来的1月变成3月，但罗马人仍然把3 月看做是一年的开始。另外，按照传统习惯，3月是每年出征远战的季节。为了纪念战神玛尔斯，人们便把这位战神的拉丁名字作为3月的月名。英语3月March，便是由这位战神的名字演变而来的。

　　April——4月

　　罗马的4月，正是大地回春.鲜花初绽的美好季节。英文4月April便由拉丁文April（即开花的日子）演变而来。

　　May——5月

　　罗马神话中的女神玛雅，专门司管春天和生命。为了纪念这位女神，罗马人便用她的名字——拉丁文Maius命名5月，英文5月May便由这位女神的名字演变而来。

　　June——6月

　　罗马神话中的裘诺，是众神之王，又是司管生育和保护妇女的神。古罗马对她十分崇敬，便把6月奉献给她，以她的名字——拉丁文Junius来命名6 月。英语6月June便由这位女神的名字演变而来。也有学者认为，Junius可能是个代拉丁家族中一个显赫贵族的姓氏。

　　July——7月

　　罗马统治者朱里斯*凯撒大帝被刺死后，著名的罗马将军马克*按东尼建议将凯撒大帝诞生的7月，用凯撒的名字——拉丁文Julius（即朱里斯）命名之。这一建议得到了元老院的通过。英语7月July由此演变而来。

　　August——8月

　　朱里斯*凯撒死后，由他的甥孙屋大维续任罗马皇帝。为了和凯撒齐名，他也想用自己的名字来命名一个月份。他的生日在9月，但他选定8月。因为他登基后，罗马元老院在8 月授予他Augustus（奥古斯都）的尊号。于是，他决定用这个尊号来命名8月。原来8月比7月少一天，为了和凯撒平起平坐，他又决定从2月中抽出一天加在8月上。从此，2月便少了一天。英语8月August便由这位皇帝的拉丁语尊号演变而来。

　　September——9月

　　老历法的7月，正是凯撒大帝改革历法后的9月，拉丁文Septem是“7”月的意思。虽然历法改革了，但人们仍袭用旧名称来称呼9月。英语9月September，便由此演变而来。

　　October——10月

　　英语10月，来自拉丁文Octo，即“8”的意思。它和上面讲的9月一样，历法改了，称呼仍然沿用未变。

　　November——11月

　　罗马皇帝奥古斯都和凯撒都有了自己名字命名的月份，罗马市民和元老院要求当时的罗马皇帝梯比里乌斯用其名命名11月。但梯比里乌斯没有同意，他明智地对大家说，如果罗马每个皇帝都用自己的名字来命名月份，那么出现了第13个皇帝怎么办？于是，11月仍然保留着旧称Novem，即拉丁文“9”的意思。英语11月November便由此演变而来。

　　December——12月

罗马皇帝琉西乌斯要把一年中最后一个月用他情妇的Amagonius的名字来命名，但遭但元老院的反对。于是，12月仍然沿用旧名Decem，即拉丁文“10”的意思。英语12月December，便由此演变而来

拼读能力培养练习

①以整个词为单位，如果单词中某个字组读音不规则，或词的重音位置不规则，那么这个词就属于读音不规则的词。②以音节为单位，如果词中某个音节读音不规则，那么这个音节就属于读音不规则的音节。③以字组为单位，如果词中某个字组读音不规则，那么这个字组就属于读音不规则的字组。

三种认识单词可拼读性的方法得出的结论大不一样。如果以整个词为单位，完全符合拼读规则的词只有 90% ，以音节为单位符合规则的音节在 98% 以上，以字组为单位来看几乎 100 ％的字组都符合拼读规则。

符合拼读规则与可以根据词形判断读音并不是一个概念。有的词可以根据词形判断读音，有的词要根据词的读音来深入了解词的拼写形式。我们的目的是了解词音和词形之间的联系，从而达到牢固记忆单词的目的。不可能根据单词的拼写形式来通读所有的单词。

附录二 拼读能力培养练习类型

1.说出单词中字组的个数

这个练习非常重要，一定量的练习可以使学习者轻松掌握字组表。

2.说出单词的音节个数，并划分音节。

能熟练地辨认字母不如能熟练地辨认字组，能熟练地辨认字组不如能熟练地辨认音节。

3.判断单词的重音位置。

找不到单词的重音位置，就无从判断单词的读音。

4.听写练习：

老师读一个词，学生根据读音写单词。讲过一个规则后做这种练习，可以巩固这条规则。

5.造词练习：

两类，一、用元音字母造词，二、用元音字组造词。

这个练习可用于复习巩固语音名词解释以及相关的规则，在运用中掌握这些规则。例 ： sesh pate chaim sheem

元音字母

元音字母共有五个：Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu。Yy和Ww也可以当作元音字母来用，当这两个字母出现在单词（或音节）的开头时，通常被当作辅音字母来用；如果不是出现在词首，Yy、Ww经常被当作元音字母来用，Yy相当于元音字母Ii，Ww相当于元音字母Uu。元音字母出现在重读音节时，或者是开音节，或者是闭音节。元音字母出现在非重读音节里时弱读为[]或[]音。

元音字组分为：-r音节元音字组、-re音节元音字组和普通元音字组。元音字组数量众多，只有一部分元音字组使用的频率较高。-r音节元音字组有五个：ar er ir or ur；-re音节元音字组也有五个：are ere ire ore ure；普通元音字组数量较多，常用的有：ai/ay air al au/aw ea ear ee eer ei/ey eu/ew ie oa oar/oor oi/oy oo ou/ow our ui等。此外，还有：oul(could,would)、ier(fierce)、eir(their,weird)等不常用的元音字组。

有的元音字组发三元音，如：ire our等

在《英语单词拼读规则表》中，元字组指的是：元音字母和元音字组。

元音字母指的是五个元音字母Aa Ee Ii Oo Uu。元音字母数量虽少，但出现的频率高。

元音字组由两个或三个元音字母在一起发一个元音(ar er ir or ur are ere ire ore ure ai/ay air al au/aw ea ear ee eer ei/ey eu/ew ie oa oar/oor oi/oy oo ou/ow our ui)，少数几个辅音字母（r l w y)也可以和元音字母一起组成元音字组。

元音字组 are 在重读音节中读[e]音(规则编号5-01）
aware 知道的
bare 赤裸的
barefoot 赤脚的
barely 仅仅
beware 当心
care 小心
careful 小心的
careless 粗心的
compare 比较
dare 敢
declare 宣布
fare 车费
farewell 告别
flare 闪耀
glare 瞪眼
hare 野兔
mare 母马
prepare 准备
rare 罕见的
scare 惊吓
scared 吃惊的
share 一份
spare 空闲的
square 正方形的
unaware 不知不觉地
ware 不知道的
warehouse 货栈
welfare 福利
aware
bare
bare-foot
bare-ly
beware
care
care-ful
care-less
compare
dare
declare
fare
fare-well
flare
glare
hare
mare
prepare
rare
scare
scared
share
spare
square
un-aware
ware
ware-house
welfare



元音字组 ere 在重读音节中读[]音(规则编号5-02）
adhere 粘附
atmosphere 大气
austere 严厉的
here 在这里
hemisphere 半球
interfere 干涉
mere 使孤寂
merely 仅仅
persevere 坚持
severe 严厉的
sincere 真诚的
adhere
at-mosphere
austere
here
hem-isphere
in-terfere
mere
mere-ly
per-severe
severe
sincere



元音字组 ire 在重读音节中读[a]音(规则编号5-03）
acquire 获得
admire 钦佩
afire 燃烧着的
aspire 追求
byre 牛棚
desire 渴望
empire 帝国
enquire 询问
entire 全部的
expire (期限)终止
fire 火
hire 租
inquire 询问
inspire 鼓舞
lyre 七弦竖琴
require 要求
retire （使）退休
satire 讽刺作品
sqire =square
tire 疲劳；厌烦
tired 疲倦的
tireless 不厌倦的
tyre 轮胎
wire 电线
wireless 无线的
acquire
admire
afire
aspire
byre
desire
empire [empa]
enquire
entire
expire
fire
hire
inquire
inspire
lyre
require
retire
satire [sta]
sqire
tire
tired
tire-less
tyre
wire
wire-less



元音字组 ore 在重读音节中读[:]音(规则编号5-04）
adore 崇拜
ashore 在岸上
before 在...前面
bore 使厌烦
chore 家庭杂务
core 核心
encore 再演唱的要求
explore 探索
fore 在前面
ignore 忽视
more 较多的
offshore 近岸的
ore 含有金属的岩石
pore 注视
restore 恢复
score 得分
seashore 海岸
shore 岸
snore 打鼾
sore 疼痛的
store 贮藏
swore swear的过去式
therefore 因此
tore tear的过去式
wore wear的过去式 adore
ashore
before
bore
chore
core
encore
explore
fore
ignore
more
offshore
ore
pore
restore
score
sea-shore
shore
snore
sore
store
swore
therefore
tore
wore


元音字组 ure 在重读音节中读[ju]音(规则编号5-05）
endure 忍受
immature 不成熟的
manure 粪
mature 成熟的
premature 早熟的
secure 安全的 endure
im-mature
manure
mature
pre-mature
secure


重读音节中未经短化的 -re 音节变体(规则编号5-06）
重读ar+元字组的读音为:[er]+元字组的弱音[]或[]
area 地区
barbarian 野蛮人
invariably 不变地
librarian 图书管理员
malaria 疟疾
Mary 玛丽
scary 引起惊慌的
vary 变化
veterinarian 兽医 a-re-a
barba-ri-an
inva-ri-ab-ly
libra-ri-an
mala-ri-a
Ma-ry
sca-ry
va-ry
vet-e-rina-ri-an
重读er+元字组的读音为:[r]+元字组的弱音[]或[]
bacteria 细菌
cafeteria 自助餐馆
cereal 谷类植物
oherent 协调的
criterion 准则
era 年代
experience 经验
hero 英雄
hysteria 歇斯底里
imperial 帝国
inferior 低等的
interior 内部的
material 材料
materialism 唯物主义
period 时期
periodic 周期的
query 询问
series 系列
serious 严肃的
serum 血清
stereo 立体声的
verify 证实
zero 零 bacte-ri-a
caf-ete-ri-a
ce-re-al
cohe-rent
crite-ri-on
e-ra
expe-ri-ence
he-ro
hyste-ri-a
impe-ri-al
infe-ri-or
inte-ri-or
mate-ri-al
mate-ria-lism
pe-ri-od
pe-riod-ic
que-ry
se-ries
se-ri-ous
se-rum
ste-re-o
ve-ri-fy
ze-ro
重读ir+元字组的读音为:[ar]+元字组的弱音[]或[]
environ 包围
expiratory 呼气的
environment 环境
inquiry 询问
iris （眼球的）虹膜
irish 爱尔兰的
irony 讽刺
respiratory 呼吸的
siren 汽笛
spiral 螺旋
virus 病毒 envi-ron
expi-ra-tory
envi-ron-ment
inqui-ry
i-ris
i-rish
i-ro-ny
respi-ra-tory
si-ren
spi-ral
vi-rus
重读or+元字组的读音为:[:r]+元字组的弱音[]或[]
auditorium 礼堂
boring 令人生厌的
chorus 合唱队
editorial 编辑(上)的
forum 公开讨论的场所
glorious 光荣的
glorify 颂扬
glory 光荣
historian 历史学家
historic 历史上著名的
laborious 勤勉的
memorial 纪念物
orient 东方(国家)
notorious 恶名昭彰的
pictorial 有插图的
professorial 教授的
sanatorium 疗养院
senatorial 参议员（院）的
storey 同一层楼全部房间
story 故事
territorial 领土的
victorious 胜利的 au-ditor-i-um
bo-ring
cho-rus
ed-ito-ri-al
fo-rum
glo-ri-ous
glo-ri-fy
glo-ry
histo-ri-an
histo-ric
labo-ri-ous
memo-ri-al
o-ri-ent
noto-ri-ous
picto-ri-al
prof-esso-ri-al
san-ato-ri-um
sen-ato-ri-al
sto-rey
sto-ry
ter-rito-ri-al
victo-ri-ous
重读ur+元字组的读音为:[jur]+元字组的弱音[]或[]
bureau 局
curiosity 好奇心
curious 好奇的
endurance 耐久力
furious 狂怒的
fury 狂怒
purify 使纯净
purity 纯洁
security 安全
urine 尿 bu-reau [bjuru]
cu-rios-i-ty
cu-ri-ous
endu-rance
fu-ri-ous
fu-ry
pu-ri-fy
pu-ri-ty
secu-ri-ty
u-rine



练习 8-06 根据5-06 规则朗读下列单词，并划分音节。答案 invariably scary librarian Mary
cereal hero forum imperial
experience period query serious
serum stereo irony environment
orient spiral virus boring
chorus editorial curious curio
endurance fury urine area


重读音节中短化了的 -re 音节变体(规则编号5-07）
重读ar+元字组的短化读音为:[r]+元字组的弱音[]或[]
baron 男爵
Carol 卡罗尔（Carolina的昵称）
Carolina 南、北卡罗来纳州
comparative 比较的
characterize 具有...的特征
character 性格
charity 慈悲
clarity 明晰
familiarity 熟悉
paradise 天堂
paradox 自相矛盾的人或事
paralyze 使麻痹
parasite 寄生生物
solidarity 团结一致
tariff 关税 bar－on
Car－ol
Car-oli-na
compar-a-tive
char-ac-ter-ize
char-ac-ter
char-i-ty
clar-i-ty
famil-iar-i-ty
par-a-dise
par-a-dox
par-a-lyze
par-a-site
sol-idar-i-ty
tar-iff
重读er+元字组的短化读音为:[er]+元字组的弱音[]或[]
American 美国的
cerebral 大脑的
cherish 珍爱
gerund 动名词
heritage 遗产
hysterical 歇斯底里的
imperative 必要的
inherit 继承
numerical 数字的
perish 枯萎
prosperity 繁荣
stereotype 铅版印刷
therapy 疗法 Amer-i-can
cer-e-bral
cher-ish
ger-und
her-i-tage
hyster-i-cal
imper-a-tive
inher-it
numer-i-cal
per-ish
prosper-i-ty
ster-e-o-type
ther-a-py
重读ir+元字组的短化读音为:[ir]+元字组的弱音[]或[]
empirical 经验主义的
lyric 歌词
myriad 无数的人(或物)
spirit 精神
siren 汽笛
syron =syrup
syrup 糖浆
tyrannize 施暴政
tyranny 暴政 empir-i-cal
lyr-ic
myr-i-ad
spir-it
sir-en
syr-on
syr-up
tyr-an-nize
tyr-an-ny>
重读or+元字组的短化读音为:[r]+元字组的弱音[]或[]
authoritative 权威性的
Doris 多莉丝(女子名)
florist 花商 种花者
foreign 外国的
foreigner 外国人
forest 森林
orator 演说者
priority 优先权
superiority 优越 author-i-ta-tive
Dor-is
flor-ist
for-eign
for-eign-er 词源foreign
for-est
or-a-tor
prior-i-ty
supe-rior-i-ty



练习 8-07 根据5-07 规则朗读下列单词，并划分音节。答案 baron character charity clarity
paradise tariff paralyze solidarity
experiment cherish heritage gerund
imperative America stereotype therapy
comparative priority lyric spirit
forest Doris orator myriad


非重读音节中-re音节的变体通常发[r]音(规则编号5-08a）
anniversary 周年纪念
artillery 炮兵
bravery 勇敢
camera 照相机
conference 会议
decorate 装饰
different 差异的
discovery 发现
emperor 皇帝
federal 联邦的
funeral 葬礼
gallery 长廓
general 普通的
generate 产生
generous 慷慨的
grocery 杂货店
ivory 象牙
lateral 侧面的
liberate 解放
library 图书馆
literature 文学
machinery 机械
mineral 矿物
misery 痛苦
moderate 适度的
nectarine 油桃
numeral 数字
numerous 大量的
nursery 托儿所
operate 操作
primary 初级的
reference 参考
refinery 精炼厂
salary 薪水
satisfactory 令人满意的
scenery 风景
veteran 退伍军人
an-niver-sa-ry
artil-le-ry
brav-e-ry 词源brave
cam-e-ra
con-fe-rence
dec-o-rate
dif-ferent
discov-e-ry
em-pe-ror
fed-e-ral
fu-ne-ral
gal-le-ry
gen-e-ral
gen-e-rate
gen-e-rous
gro-cer-y 词源grocer
i-vo-ry
lat-e-ral
lib-e-rate
li-bra-ry
lit-e-ra-ture
ma-chin-e-ry 词源machine
min-e-ral 词源mine
mis-e-ry
mod-e-rate
nec－ta－rine
nu-me-ral
nu-me-rous
nur-se-ry
op-e-rate
pri-ma-ry
ref-e-rence
refin-e-ry 词源refine
sal-a-ry
sat-isfac-to-ry
sce-ne-ry
vet-e-ran

UPSR - English Paper

English
The English examination is divided into 2 sections.
The first section (Paper 1) is 50 minutes long.
Pupils will have to answer 40 questions. The first four questions are general questions.
Questions 5 to 7 are fill in the blanks based on an article.
Questions 8-15 are based on a picture which the student has to pick which answer is the most suitable.
Questions 16 to 21 are grammar questions.
Questions 22-23 asks the students to choose the correct punctuation. Questions 24-25 is asking for the correct spelling of a word.
Questions 26-30 is the same as questions 5-7 but the answers are slightly different.
Questions 31 onwards are comprehension questions based on a story, label and other things. Each question is worth 1 mark.

The second section (Paper 2) contains 3 questions.
A total of 40 marks has been allocated for this whole section.

Question 1 asks the students to describe the picture which is given. This question bears 10 points.

Question 2 has 2 questions. The student is given 3 choices of items or packages to buy, each with their own pros and cons. The first section, the student has to fill in the details of the item into a table with the information given. The second section, the student is given as situation such as buying a birthday gift for their friend and the student must state why he picked that package and how it relates to the person it is about.

Section one has 10 points and section two has 5 points

Question 3 contains 3 pictures. Each picture, a few words are given below. The student is expected to write an essay using all the words given in any order they like.
This section is worth 15 points.

English Language Curriculum

The Literature Component in the English Language Curriculum
for Secondary Schools
Aims
The aim of this component is to enhance students' proficiency in the English language
through the study of a set of prescribed literary texts, contribute to personal delopment
and character building, and broaden students' outlook through reading about other cultures and world views.

Objectives
By the end of the secondary school English language proramme, students should be able to:
• give a personal response to texts;
• show an awareness of how language is used to achieve a paticular purpose;
• reflect upon and draw valuable moral lessons from the issues and concerns of life as
portrayed in the literary works and relate them to one's life; and
• understand and appreciate other cultures,

1.0 Listening and Speaking
Students should be able to:
1.1 listen to and understand poetry and prose;
1.2 recite poems with correct intonation, stress, rhythm, and enunciation;
1.3 retell what the text is about in their own words;
1.4 narrate sequence of events;
1.5 discuss the theme and message;
1.6 discuss plot, character; setting and author's point of view;
1.7 compare and contrast characters;
1.8 make inferences and draw conclusions about theme, message, character, and
author's point of view;
1.9 discuss the values explored in the text;
1.10 relate events, characters, values and messages in texts to one's own life;
1.11 discuss how the author / poet uses language to achieve a particular purposes;
1.12 give an informed personal response to the text; and
1.13 dramatize texts and role play characters;

2.0 Reading
Students should be able to:
2.1 read aloud poetry and prose with correct stress, intonation, pronunciation and
expression;
2.2 read and understand poetry and prose;
2.3 follow sequence of events;
2.4 read and describe plot, character, setting and author's point of view;
2.5 compare and contrast characters;
2.6 read and give the meaning of a poem as they understand it within context;
2.7 identify themes in stories, and messages in poems;
2.8 relate events, characters, values and messages in texts to one's own life;
2.9 draw values and lessons from the text;6
2.10 make inferences and draw conclusions about theme, message, characters, and
author’s point of vies;
2.11 recognise and understand how a poet / author uses language to achieve a particular purpose; and
2.12 read and dramatize texts.

3. Writing
Students should able to:
3.1 write out the sequence of events in texts;
3.2 describe plot, character, setting and author’s point of view;
3.3 compare and contrast characters;
3.4 explain themes and messages in stories and poems;
3.5 relate events, characters, values and message in texts to one’s own life;
3.6 paraphrase poems;
3.7 summarise the text briefly;
3.8 give a personal response to the text; and
3.9 compose short poems and write bries stories.

English Language Content-1

English
Language Content

1.0 Grammar
The grammar items listed below are to be taught over the five years
of secondary schooling. These items are part and parcel of the learning outcomes.
The classification given below is one of many classifications available to the English teacher. Other classifications may also be used.

1.1 Nouns
· Kinds: Countable, Uncountable, Collective, Compound
· Number: Plurals-Regular; Irregular; Foreign; Compound;
Concord (subject-verb agreement);
· Nouns with no Singular/Plural Form; Plurals with different
meanings

1.2 The Articles
· Indefinite; Definite; Zero article.

1.3 Adjectives
· Attributive and Predicative use;
· Adjectives functioning as nouns
· Nouns functioning as Adjectives
· Comparison Adjectives

1.4 Pronouns
· Personal
· Relative
· Possessive
· Demonstrative
· Reflexive
· Interrogative

1.5 Verbs
· Regular and Irregular; Transitive and Intransitive
· Verbs – Tenses: Simple Past, Future, Continuous, Perfect
· Verbs – Negative, Interrogative, Question phrases
sukatan pelajaran bahasa inggeris kbsm 9
· Special finites (Modals): be; have, can, could, should, would, may, might, must, need, ought
· Infinitives: to, do
· Gerunds

1.6 Adverbs
· Formation
· Types: Adverbs of manner, time, place, direction, agent
· Comparison

1.7 Prepositions
· Positions - e.g. time, place, direction, agent
· Preposition in fixed phrases

1.8 Connectors
· Conjunctions
· Logical connectors
· Sequence connectors

1.9 Sentences
· Simple, Compound, Complex, Questions, Imperatives,
Exclamatives
· Negation

1.10 Direct and Indirect Speech
· Statements, Questions, Commands

1.11 Punctuation

English Language Syllabus- PMR and SPM

LIST OF TEXTS FOR THE LITERATURE COMPONENT IN THE

ENGLISH LANGUAGE SYLLABUS

FORM 1
POEMS
1. Life’s Brief Candle by William Shakespeare
2. The Dead Crow by A. Samad Said
3. The Lake Isle of Innisfree by W.B. Yeats
SHORT STORIES
1. The Pencil by Ali Majod
2. How Dalat Got Its Name by Heidi Munan
3. Of Bunga Telur and Bally Shoes by Che Husna Azhari
(Learners are to study all of the above poems and short stories)

FORM 2
NOVELS
1. Potato People by Angela Wright
2. Robinson Crusoe by Danial Defoe
3. Phantom of The Opera by Gaston Leroux
(Learners are to select one of the above novels for study)

FORM 3
NOVELS
1. The Prisoner of Zenda by Anthony Hope Hopkins
2. Dr. Jeckyll and Mr. Hyde by R.L Stevenson
(Learners are to select one of the above novels for study)
sukatan pelajaran bahasa inggeris kbsm13

FORMS 4 & 5
POEMS
1. If by Rudyard Kipling
2. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare
3. Si Tenggang’s Homecoming by Muhammad Hj. Salleh
4. Monsoon History by Shirley Lim
5. The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost
6. There’s Been A Death in the Opposite House by Emily Dickinson

SHORT STORIES
1. The Lotus Eater by Somerset Maugham
2. The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant
3. The Drover’s Wife by Henry Lawson
4. The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl
5. Looking for a Rain God by Bessie Head

(Learners are to study all of the above poems and short stories)
NOVELS
1. Jungle of Hope by Keris Mas
2. The Return by K.S Maniam
3. The Pearl by John Steinbeck
(Learners are to select one of the above novels for study)

English - Chinese Start from Ab to Af

abandon 放棄 abase 貶 abash 使羞愧 abdicate 退位;放棄 abduct 誘拐 abductor 誘拐者 abhor 嫌惡;痛恨 abide 守候 ability 能力 abnormal 不正常的 abolish 取消 abrasive 粗厲的 abridge 減少 abroad 在國外 abrupt 突然的 absence 缺席 absent 缺席的 absolute 絕對的 absorb 吸收 absorption 吸收;專心abstract 抽象 absurd 可笑的 abundance 豐富 abuse 虐待 accessible 易接近的acclaim 歡呼 accommodate 適應 accompany 陪同 accomplish 實行 accord 和諧accumulate 堆積 accuracy 精密 accurate 正確的 accusation 罪狀 accuse 控告;指責accustom 使習慣 achieve 完成 acquaint 通知 acquire 獲得 adequate 足夠的 adhere 附著 adieu 再會 adjacent 接近的 adjourn 休會 adjust 調整 administer 管理admirable 令人欽佩的 admire 敬服 admission 許可 admit 容許 adopt 收養;採用 adore 崇拜 advance 提高 advantage 優勢 adventure 冒險 adversary 對抗者 adversity 逆境 advise 忠告 advocate 鼓吹者 affair 事件 affect 影響 affectionate 深愛的affirm 斷言 afflict 折磨 afford 力足以做 afloat 浮著 afraid 害怕 afterwards 之後 appall 驚恐apparent 明顯的appeal 上訴appear 出現